Since 2001, and especially since its endorsement by the heads of state and government at the United Nations (UN) World Summit in 2005, the “responsibility to protect” (“R2P”) has become a key concept on the prevention of atrocity crimes. Still, parts of the concept have remained controversial, first amongst them the possibility that military action may be taken in the name of protecting populations from grave human rights abuses. Apprehensions that R2P may serve to legitimate the use of force were heightened by the international intervention in Libya in 2011. Some UN member states, including members of the Security Council, subsequently criticized as excessive the way in which the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had interpreted and implemented the mandate under Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011). South Africa, one of the non-permanent members of the Council in 2011 that had voted in favour of Resolution 1973, openly labelled NATO actions a “flagrant abuse” of the resolution (South Africa 2012). Against this backdrop, the new notion of the “responsibility while protecting” (“RwP”) was introduced by Brazil, one of the five members of the Security Council that had abstained in the vote on Resolution 1973.2 In opening the general debate of the UN General Assembly’s sixty-sixth session, on September 21, 2011, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff warned that interventions in the past had resulted in painful consequences that continued to haunt the world. Accordingly, she demanded that, alongside the responsibility to protect, further discussion was necessary on the “responsibility in protecting” (Brazil 2011a). The matter was subsequently taken up by Brazil’s Permanent Representative during the Security Council open debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict on November 9, 2011, in a statement delivered on behalf of the Brazilian Minister for External Relations, as well as in a concept paper entitled “Responsibility while protecting: elements for the development and promotion of a concept” The objective of this analysis paper is to assess the impact, positive as well as negative, which the new notion of the responsibility while protecting may have on the evolution and implementation of the responsibility to protect. For this purpose, it proceeds in four steps: a brief sketch of the “responsibility to protect” framework (1.), a summary of the “responsibility while protecting” initiative (2.), an analysis of potential tensions, complementarities and overlaps between the two approaches (3.), and, finally, a first assessment of the echo which the RwP proposal has caused in the international community (4.). The analysis will reveal that the Brazilian initiative comprises a number of principles, some of which refine the responsibility to protect whereas others would amount to a partial but significant revision of the existing consensus if they were pursued in their intitial form
